![]() Therefore, they will only demand a core area of about 0.75 to four square kilometres (0.3 to just over 1.5 square miles). social behavior and the social and captive housing environments for 45 female white rhinos. Males require less room, since they roam in search of a mate. White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). A female will require an area of about three to nine square kilometres, which is equivalent to between one and four square miles. The sizes of the rhino territories differ somewhat. Proceedings of a Symposium on Rhinos as Game Ranch Animals, 9-10 September, 1994, pp. Social organization and behavior of the white rhinoceros. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 38:337-384. Young bulls only stand a chance of winning over territory if the original inhabitant is old, weak or injured in some ways. The social ethology of the white rhinoceros. ![]() Males have loosely defined territories which are. They indulge in an activity called wallowing. Greater one-horned rhinos are solitary, except when sub-adults or adult males gather at wallows or to graze. However, for the most part, females are tolerated within a territory that belongs to another rhino. Because the temperatures in their habitats can get quite high, rhinos limit their movement to stay comfortable. Females are frequently killed in aggressive attacks from territorial males and are unable to defend themselves against the males’ strength and sheer force. Males are certainly more aggressive than females across all species of rhino. The White Rhino is known for being more sociable and placid, while the Black Rhino’s aggressive attacks have been known to occur with no apparent provocation. Training chutes are used for blood collection, foot exams, and ultrasounds.Certain rhino species are less aggressive than others. Lounging under water with just their noses sticking out is a common practice of these rhinos. Like Sumatran rhinos, Indian rhinos are susceptible to foot and skin problems so moisture is a must. While males are generally more solitary, females may form loose groups called crashes. The enclosure must have adequate shade, a mud wallow, outdoor enrichment items and preferably a pool. White rhinos are more social than other rhino species. If DG is not available then stalls should be lined with rubber mats or hay. This is to help alleviate foot problems which are common is these rhinos. Concrete floors should be covered with decomposed granite (DG), or another dirt type substrate. However, rehabilitation practices can influence their behavior and welfare, potentially compromising their post-release adaptation and survival. If found, orphans are taken into captivity for rehabilitation and subsequent release. One frequent consequence of poaching is the creation of orphan calves. Depending on the climate, an inside exercise area is needed for the winter months along with heated rooms. Poaching is the primary threat to the survival of rhinoceros’ populations. (The San Diego Wild Animal Park has housed as many as 16 rhinos in a 43-acre multi-species exhibit). These rhinos can be social, and depending on the size of the enclosure several can be kept together at one time. Instead, they alternately feed and rest day and. Housing facilities must be large enough to allow the rhinos plenty of room for exercise. White rhinos are generally sedentary and do not migrate from one place to another during different seasons. Adult males defend territories of roughly 1-3km 2, which they mark with vigorously scraped dung piles. Groups of sometimes 14 rhinos may form, notably females with calves. As with all species of rhinos, training chutes are used for medical procedures. White rhinos have complex social structures. ![]() White rhinos don’t swim so pools are not necessary and can sometimes be a hazard if they are deep. White rhinos handle hotter climates well, but do need access to a mud wallow to protect their skin from sunburn and insects. This species does not commonly have foot problems, though some institutions do file their nails down if the individual doesn’t walk around much. Floors can be of concrete but if they don’t have access to natural substrate for long periods, dirt, rubber mats, or hay can be put on top of the concrete to offer them a softer place to lay down. In cooler climates a heated barn with room enough for exercising is needed. ![]() White rhinos live well in a variety of climates in captivity. Females are housed with at least one other female if no male is present, depending on the size of the enclosure. White rhinos reproduce more successfully when housed in a herd, and only a few institutions can house a herd of rhinos. Males can be housed alone but prefer to be housed with at least one female.
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